Best Satellite Messengers and Personal Locator Beacons of 2023
STAY SAFE WITH OUR TOP SATELLITE MESSENGER AND PLB PICKS
April 30th, 2023
Whether you're backpacking, backcountry skiing or adventuring out of service range, a satellite messenger, GPS device or personal locator beacon (PLB) for your outdoor pursuits is important. After all, your safety is on the line. But choosing the right one for your needs can be difficult.
We looked at 28 units, from Garmin to SPOT and everything in between, compiling the top professional and user reviews, and comparing models side-by-side for weight, budget, battery life, communication capabilities and subscription costs. The result: our top winners for the best personal locator beacons and two-way satellite messengers for every kind of user.
I’ve spent four decades working as a photojournalist with work appearing in various publications including National Geographic, Outside, Life, and Rolling Stone magazines. Assignments and photo adventures have taken me to nearly every hardscrabble place in the West and beyond. I’ve caught Dengue fever in the headwaters of the Amazon and suffered a touch of cerebral edema on Kilimanjaro, and rowed the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon twice.
While hiking solo on the Continental Divide Trail in Wyoming’s Wind River Range, I was “rescued” by a SAR team when I inadvertently pushed the SOS button on my inReach unit while sleeping with it under my head to keep the batteries warm. I knew nothing about being rescued until a helicopter was hovering above my camp.
That experience led to a years-long effort to understand everything I can about these devices, including an award-winning news feature about my experience.
We create reader-supported, objective gear reviews independently selected by our editors. This story may contain affiliate links, which help fund our website. When you click on the links to purchase gear, we may get a commission — without costing you an extra cent. Thank you for supporting our work and mission of outdoor coverage for every body! Learn more.
Best Satellite Messenger
Garmin inreach mini 2
Best Budget Two-way Satellite Messenger
Spot X
best Personal Locator Beacon (PLB)
Ocean Signal rescueME PLB1
comparison Table
| DEVICE | TREELINE AWARD | MSRP* | WEIGHT (OZ) | DIMENSIONS (IN) | COVERAGE | WATERPROOF RATING | BATTERIES | BATTERY LIFE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 | Best overall | $400 | 3.5 | 3.9 x 2.0 x 1.0 | Global | IPX7 | Rechargeable lithium ion | Up to 96 hours at 10-minute tracking |
| Spot X | Best Budget | $250 | 7.0 | 7.5 x 5.8 x 2 | Near Global | IPX7 | Rechargeable lithium ion | Up to 240 hours in 10 minute tracking |
| Ocean Signal RescueMe PLB1 | Best PLB | $350 | 4.1 | 3 x 2.1 x 1.3 | Global | To 15 meters | Lithium (not rechargeable; replacement due after 7 years) | 7 years with 24 hour life |
| ACR RESQLINK+ | $400 | 5.3 | 4.52 x 2.03 x 1.49" | Global | IP67 | Lithium (not rechargeable; replacement due after 7 years) | 7 years with 24 hour life | |
| ACR Electronics rescueME PLB1 | $290 | 4.0 | 3.0 x 2.1 x 1.3 | Global | To 15 meters | Lithium (not rechargeable; replacement due after 7 years) | 7 years, 24 hours at -4˚ F |
*Price reflects MSRP. See our Deals page for discounts on these items.
inReach vs. Spot Subscription Plans
Both Garmin inReach and Spot devices require data subscription plans. Both offer month-to-month and annual plans. We summarize the cheapest and most expensive plans below:
| DEVICE | CHEAPEST ANNUAL PLAN (ANNUAL CONTRACT) | DEVICE COST + CHEAPEST ANNUAL PLAN | CHEAPEST MONTHLY PLAN (MONTH TO MONTH) | UNLIMITED PLAN (ANNUAL CONTRACT) | DEVICE + ANNUAL UNLIMITED PLAN (ANNUAL CONTRACT) | UNLIMITED PLAN (MONTH TO MONTH) | ACTIVATION FEE (annual contract plans) | ANNUAL PROGRAM FEE (monthly plans) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 | $143/ year | $543 | $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $599 / year | $999 | $64.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $29.95 | $34.95 |
| Spot X | $143/ year | $393 | $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $359 / year | $609 | $39.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $29.95 | $34.95 |
| Ocean Signal RescueMe PLB1 | included | included | included | n/a | n/a | n/a | included | included |
| ACR RESQLINK+ | included | included | included | n/a | n/a | n/a | included | included |
| Spot Gen4 | $143/ year | $293 | $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $143 / year | $293 | $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee | $29.95 | $34.95 |
Wearing his Garmin inReach Mini, Kelly Garrod mounts his climbing skins for a backcountry ski trip on the Continental Divide near Tennessee Pass, Colorado Photo by Dean Krakel
The Best Satellite Messengers and PLBs
The BEST two-way satellite messenger:
GARMIN INREACH MINI 2
Weight: 3.5
Dimensions: 3.9 x 2.0 x 1.0
Coverage: Global
Waterproof rating: IPX7
Battery life: Up to 96 hours at 10-minute tracking
Cheapest annual plan (annual contract): $143/ year
Cheapest monthly plan (month to month): $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee
Unlimited plan (annual contract): $599 / year
Unlimited plan (month to month): $64.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee
What we liked: lightest, most compact, battery life, two-way texting ability, pairs with GPS watches to trigger SOS
What we didn't like: can be slow to send out texts, expensive plans
Weighing a scant 3.5 oz and measuring just 4” tall by 2” wide, the Garmin inReach Mini 2 is a full-featured satellite messenger that, though minuscule, does everything other satellite messengers do. Garmin uses the Iridium satellite network for pole-to-pole coverage with no gaps.
Size comes with a few caveats. Preset messages like “I’m OK” or “Stopping for the night” or custom pre-set messages that you’ve composed on a computer and synced to your device are easy. Anything beyond that requires syncing the Mini 2 to your phone in the field or using the virtual keyboard.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE GARMIN INREACH MINI
![Backcountry guide Duncan Cheung says, "that’s another awesome hidden use case [of the Garmin inReach Mini]—geotagging photos from real cameras that don't have GPS built in.” Here, he uses the inReach Mini to geotag a photo of a lake in the Sierra. P…](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b4544e485ede17941bc95fc/1574126760468-M7BCGN51K7CWHT89N9NO/Using-inReach-Mini-to-geotag-photo-with-camera.jpg)
Backcountry guide Duncan Cheung says, "that’s another awesome hidden use case [of the Garmin inReach Mini]—geotagging photos from real cameras that don't have GPS built in.” Here, he uses the inReach Mini to geotag a photo of a lake in the Sierra. Photo by Duncan Cheung.
The Mini 2 pairs with your Apple or Android phone by Bluetooth wireless technology. You can then use your phone’s contact list and compose text messages or emails on a much larger keyboard or more easily utilize the Mini's other features. Through Garmin’s free Earthmate app, you can also access maps, aerial imagery, and US NOAA charts.
The inReach Mini hooks onto a backpack. Photo by Naomi Hudetz.
The Mini 2 is also compatible with other Garmin products, including their GPS watches. Treeline Review editors pair their inReach Mini with our fenix 7 and Instinct 2 hiking watches as well as the Forerunner 55 running watch. It also allows you to trigger an SOS message from the watch. Though we fortunately never have had to do it, this could be useful if a hiker, biker, or climber took a fall and were separated from their inReach device. We discuss triggering inReach devices from watches in our Best Hiking and Backpacking Watches story.
The Mini next to a set of Subaru keys for size comparison. Photo courtesy Naomi Hudetz.
The Mini 2 runs on a rechargeable lithium battery, which can provide up to 96 hours of use in 10-minute tracking mode. That's up from 50 hours of use in the previous model, the Mini 1. In close to 5,000 miles of hiking with the Mini 1 in 2019, including on the Arizona Trail and Pacific Crest Trail, we noticed a big difference in battery life between tracking modes. With the Mini 1, with a 30-minute tracking mode, we’ve been able to get two-weeks between recharges for daily use of 12+ hours. With the Mini 2, our testers found that even after daily use of 12+ hours, we always reach town and the ability to recharge before the battery goes.
The Mini 2 does not have a built-in compass or barometer; it uses GPS for all of these readings.
Like all satellite messengers, the Mini 2 requires a subscription plan to work. See our comparison table for a detailed look at monthly and annual costs for the Garmin inReach service plans.
THE BEST Budget Two-Way Satellite MESSENGER:
SPOT X
Weight: 7.0
Dimensions: 7.5 x 5.8 x 2
Coverage: Near Global
Waterproof rating: IPX7
Battery life: Up to 240 hours in 10 minute tracking
Cheapest annual plan (annual contract): $143/ year
Cheapest monthly plan (month to month): $14.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee
Unlimited plan (annual contract): $359 / year
Unlimited plan (month to month): $39.95 / month + $34.95 annual fee
What we liked: keyboard is included so you don't have to rely on the phone, subscription plan is half the price of other devices, two-way messaging, long battery life
What we didn't like: keyboard is difficult to use, navigation device is tricky to use with keyboard, slow to receive and send messages, customer service complaints,
The Spot X is a fully contained two-way messenger unit that doesn’t use a phone link to make its features more user-friendly. Instead, Spot X has an illuminated QWERTY keyboard that GearJunkie reported as “small,” but “easy to type on.” Depending on which subscription plan you get, the Spot X can offer two-way messaging for half the price of Garmin’s comparable subscription plan (see our Subscription Price Comparison chart for more information). Its main perk is that it’s a texting device that works everywhere, even without cell reception. The Spot satellite messenger uses the Globalstar satellite network with “near global” coverage, with gaps at some parts of the Pacific Ocean and some extreme northern and southern latitudes.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE SPOT X
The Spot X is 6.54” tall by 2.9” wide and weighing 7oz. Another huge benefit of the Spot X is that its battery life (rechargeable by USB) is 240 hours in continuous 10 minute tracking mode with 100% clear view of the sky. That being said, some customer reviews show it is far less than reported, so while this hasn't been an issue for us, is something to keep in mind.
For me, the two-way messaging capability is critical if you’re sending out a distress signal. There’s a big difference between being able to tell rescuers that you’ve got a debilitating sprain versus my partner’s fallen and unconscious. This gives the Spot X an advantage over the more basic messengers, which can only send out a few pre-programmed texts.
Like the Garmin devices, the Spot X can easily send the usual “I’m ok,” or “Camping here,” preset or custom messages. You can also send a link to the folks at home so they can track you, waypoint by waypoint, as you travel.
Another feature that sets Spot X apart from some of the other satellite messengers reviewed is that it has its own unique cell phone number. Anyone that has the number can text with you like they would on a standard cell phone.
This is in contrast to the older Garmin systems, where you would have to add folks to your contact list (or text them first) before they could text you. This is helpful if friends or family want to text you encouragement, even if you only had time to enter one person on your contact list before you headed for your trip (we’ve seen it happen). But Garmin updated that in their system and now provides a satellite messenger number, so this feature is becoming more common.
Still, Sectionhiker found the Spot X keyboard unique but difficult to use. The “keys are tiny. I have the nimble and thin fingers of a violinist (fiddler, actually) and even I mistype characters because the keys are so small. While the keyboard is smart enough to capitalize letters at the beginning of sentences, there are certain characters, like the “@” that can only be entered into address-specific fields if you enter a special, undocumented mode where the special character keys work. Seriously?”
Although the Spot X can record trip statistics, has a digital compass, and basic GPS navigation capability (including the ability to list waypoints) Sectionhiker found that “there's no way to specify these waypoints graphically on the device itself and you must type in their lat/long by hand. I'd recommend that you keep using whatever Smartphone GPS app or GPS device you're already using instead of the navigation functionality included in the SPOT X because it is so primitive.”
We don’t put much weight behind this complaint. We find navigating on other handheld GPS devices almost equally as challenging, and the Mini 2 requires a phone for any kind of navigation. We’d argue that Sectionhiker’s complaints hold for all satellite messenger devices in general: you’re better off using your Smartphone GPS app (we like the Gaia navigation app) or handheld non-transmitting GPS device.
Andrew Skurka found the Spot X keyboard lacking in “touch-sensitivity and responsiveness,” the weight twice as heavy as the Mini 2, and “no smartphone connectivity, which could allow sharing of contacts..and use of the phone’s keyboard and touchscreen.”
It’s worth noting that our staff has heard anecdotally that SPOT’s coverage is not always reliable, including a viral story about a mountaineer’s experience with an earlier model of the SPOT. However, the mountaineer in that story upgraded to a Spot X, so this may be an issue isolated to the Gen3.
Anecdotally, we heard from users and saw an increase in negative customer reviews in 2022 regarding speed of texts going in and out. This may be related to the Globalstar satellite network that Spot uses. As of 2022, the new iPhone 14 SOS feature also uses Globalstar, increasing the volume. Garmin, in contrast, uses the Iridium network.
Still, the Spot X is a good option for folks who don’t want to rely on their phone or don’t want to carry a phone. In our research, it's subscription fees are less expensive than Garmin and offer more for your money (like more texts and more tracking). Like the other satellite messengers we considered, the Spot X requires a subscription to use (see our subscription price comparison chart for a summary of the Spot service plans).
THE BEST PERSONAL LOCATOR BEACON (PLB):
OCEAN SIGNAL RESCUEME PLB1
Weight: 4.1
Dimensions: 3 x 2.1 x 1.3
Coverage: Global
Waterproof rating: To 15 meters
Battery life: 7 years with 24 hour life
Cheapest annual plan (annual contract): included
Cheapest monthly plan (month to month): included
Unlimited plan (annual contract): n/a
Unlimited plan (month to month): n/a
What we liked: no subscription fee, good for 7 years (but only 1 rescue), waterproof to 50 feet, easy to use, activation issues right on the device housing
What we didn't like: only 1 rescue (but that is the nature of PLBs), no two way communication
Weighing just 4 ounces and measuring 3 inches long by 2 inches wide, Ocean Signal describes its rescueME PLB1 as the world’s smallest PLB. Which indeed it is, but not by much.
For comparison, ACR’s ResQLink+, a beacon we used to consider for this review but has since been replaced by a newer model which has received poor reviews, weighs just a half-ounce more. Size alone seems to be a trivial way of comparing emergency SOS devices. But if you’re into carrying the lightest weight, no-frills unit, this diminutive, inexpensive PLB may be just what you’re looking for.
VIEW THE OCEAN SIGNAL RESCUEME PLB1
Like all PLBs, the Ocean Signal rescueME PLB1 has just one function, to summon a rescue with an SOS button. PLBs in general offer no two-way communication, no navigational GPS or mapping capability and have no subscription plan for service. If you send a distress signal accidentally, you can’t cancel it like the two-way transmitters we describe in this story. You can’t communicate the severity and needs of your emergency, either.
PLBs must be registered in the United States with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) after purchase. This registration is free of charge.
The Ocean Signal rescueME PLB1 has a retractable antenna, a GPS receiver, 7-year battery life, high-intensity strobe light, and is waterproof to 15 meters (about 50 feet).
Once used, or after the battery lifetime limit has been reached, you’ll need to return the rescueME PLB1 to the manufacturer for battery replacement.
“The Ocean Signal is the easiest device to use in our tests,” wrote outdoorgearlab.com. “Set-up requires you to fill out an online form and mount a mailed sticker. You can make some changes to your registration if needed, but you are then good to go for two years. You renew, for free, every two years. If you have a life-threatening emergency, there are basic activation instructions right on the device housing."
The ACR ResQLink PLB in non-emergency mode. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
Unhooking the end of the antenna. The yellow piece that the thumb is on is the lower section of the antenna that rotates upward, exposing the test and activate buttons. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
THE CONTENDERS
ACR RESQLINK+
Weight: 5.3 oz
Dimensions: 4.52 x 2.03 x 1.49"
Coverage: Global
Waterproof rating: IP67
Battery life: 7 years, 24 hours after activation
Cheapest annual plan (annual contract): included
Cheapest monthly plan (month to month): included
Unlimited plan (annual contract): n/a
Unlimited plan (month to month): n/a
The ACR ResQLink+ (now discontinued) was our Best PLB last year, but we were concerned enough about some of the updates to remove it from our list. The ACR ResQLink 400 Personal Locator Beacon has updated its SOS button location to the front of the unit. This makes it too easy for the SOS to get activated from the PLB jostling in a backpack or pocket. One REI user reported the unit accidentally activating itself while he was hiking. A Search & Rescue team was dispatched, and when they found him, the search team said that this had happened with that unit before. At this time, we cannot recommend the ACR PLB and think that if you want a beacon, you’ll be better served by the Ocean Signal RescueME described above.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE ACR RESQLINK+
Ocean Signal rescueME PLB1 vs. ACR ResQLink+
The ACR ResQLink+ shares nearly all the same features as Ocean Signal’s rescueME. The ACR ResQlink+ weighs just a half-ounce more (for a weight of 4.5 ounces), is waterproof to 5 meters (16 feet), has a built-in GPS, used strictly for locating you (but no navigational or mapping capability), and a retractable antenna and strobe. Outside Pursuits says, “ACR has been making PLBs for years and they’re by far the most common PLB used in backcountry situations around the United States.”
The one significant difference between the two is that the ACR ResQLink+ isn’t just waterproof: it floats. That may come in handy if your adventures involve any type of river, ocean, or lake activities.
Keep the PLB in an easy-to-locate area that is won’t easily get bumped or triggered during everyday use. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
After unhooking the end of the antenna, pull it out from under the plastic channel, straighten it completely then swing it straight up. Place the beacon flat on the ground (or rock ) facing skyward. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
The battery life is rated at six years. The ResQLink+ also has a self-test to make sure everything is functioning. However, you should only use the test button once, or it could lead to a depleted battery. “99% of the people who have battery failure do so because they’ve tested the unit more than once,” writes Hiking Guy. “The manual mentions that you should only perform the test once. In fact, you should only use this twice, once to test, and once to activate.”
As an added plus, if you have to use your ResQLink+ for a rescue, you can send your unit and story back to ACR ,and they’ll mount your device on their Wall of Fame and send you a free replacement. Their survivor stories are a testament to all the things that can go wrong in the front and backcountry.
The clear plastic channel that the antenna fits into. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
The antenna pops up and out. Photo by Randy “Arrow” Godfrey.
It’s worth noting that one common comment among those who have been rescued using the ResQLink+ is that they weren’t sure whether they had activated the device until the rescue helicopter arrived.
Still, compared to the setup required for the Garmin units, the easy-to-use ResQLink+ is a simple way to provide yourself a means for emergency rescue. “This Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) is ready to go right out of the box,” said Outdoor Pursuits. Almost. Like the Ocean Signal rescueME, the ResQLink+ must be registered for free with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) after purchase.
SOMEWEAR GLOBAL HOTSPOT
A Kickstarter success in 2018, Somewear Labs is a relative newcomer to the satellite messenger space with their Somewear Global Hotspot. We tested the Hotspot side-by-side with the Garmin inReach Mini for 750 miles on the Oregon Desert Trail and 500 miles on the Mogollon Rim Trail.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE SOMEWEAR GLOBAL HOTSPOT
The Somewear Global Hotspot hooked onto a backpack.
Somewear is a waterproof, palm-sized device that weighs 4 oz that turns IOS and Android phones into hot spots, allowing satellite connectivity. It offers two-way communication, mapping, GPS navigation features, weather reports, and SOS capabilities. Somewear also offers tracking features, similar to a Garmin device.
Somewear offers global connectivity. You do not need your phone to send a distress signal from Somewear. Like the Garmin Mini 2, it has two-way communication, so that once you activate the SOS signal you can communicate by text. Somewear offers a variety of subscription plans.
The Somewear Global Hotspot was significantly faster than the inReach Mini 2 in all ways tested. For example, in a side-by-side test we took, it took 40 seconds to get a weather report from the Hotspot; for the inReach Mini, it took 15 minutes.
The upside to Somewear is that almost all of us carry our phones everywhere anyway. Why not add a 4 oz piece of equipment that can turn them into satellite messengers and emergency devices? The downside? Even in protective cases, cell phones are fragile, and of course, you must keep your phone charged for Somewear to send an SOS.
ACR BIVY STICK SATELLITE COMMUNICATOR
The Bivy stick is a 7 oz device that turns iOS and Android phones into hotspots, allowing satellite connectivity just like the Garmins, Spots, and PLBS we reviewed earlier.
Bivystick requires a phone sync to initiate a rescue. Once you get it, you have two-way communication, so that once you activate the SOS signal you can communicate by text.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE ACR BIVY STICK SATELLITE COMMUNICATOR
Bivystick has monthly service plans but does not require an annual contract or charge activation fees. The service plans buy you credits for text messages, weather reports, location sharing, and tracking.
Our hesitation with the Bivystick system is that you cannot use them to send an SOS message if your phone is dead. There is no dedicated SOS button on the device itself. However, if your Bivystick still has power, you can use it to charge your phone and send an SOS message (it can charge your phone 1-2 times depending on how much battery is left)
GOTENNA MESH
This story is about PLBs and satellite transmitters. The goTenna Mesh is neither of these. But it is potentially a way humans may use the cellular phone network for non-emergency communication.
goTenna Mesh is a land-based cell phone communication device that pairs with your Android or iOS phone and bypasses towers, routers, and satellites. Instead, it depends upon the signal bouncing between other goTenna users. You are the network. It’s almost like daisy-chaining cell phone connectivity across devices.
Other people have to be using goTenna units, and at least one person in your network must have cell service for things to work. Although you can text and relay GPS locations between users in your party that are also on goTenna, you can’t talk on your phone or download data.
COMPARE PRICES OF THE GOTENNA MESH
“GoTenna doesn't give your smartphone LTE-style data, so no Twitter scrolling or Facebook browsing,” said CNET.com. “What it does is create a low-frequency radio wave network for its iOS and Android app that can last around 1 mile in skyscraper-filled urban areas but up to 9 miles in most outdoor situations like hiking and camping. If you're climbing or, say, out skiing, it shoots from 9 miles to as high as 50 miles once you start ascending to higher elevations.” (The manufacturer's website says 4 miles). It functions somewhat like a text message-based Walkie Talkie.
Compared to all the messengers we reviewed above, the goTenna is minuscule, weighing 2 ounces. Shaped like a wand, goTenna measures 5.8 inches long. It’s water-resistant, and you can clip it onto a pocket or pack.
Somewear, SatPaq, and goTenna are heralds of the future. The field of emergency transmitters is evolving fast, ever lighter, ever smaller, ever smarter. One of our Search and Rescue interviewees told us that NASA has developed a PLB for astronauts the size of a quarter. With two-way messenger technology, innovation is happening fast. We look forward to seeing how this field advances in the coming years.
Why you should carry A satellite messenger device
Be prepared. That old Boy Scout adage. All of us going into the backcountry carry some variation of the ten essentials—map, compass, extra clothing and food, headlamp/flashlight, first aid kit, extra water, matches/fire starter, sunglasses/sunscreen, knife—but how many of us are prepared for a real emergency, the kind of life saving emergency that requires immediate action?
Bill Montgomery had hiked the Pioneer trail over and over again. His beloved dogs were buried in the forest along Cement Creek near Crested Butte, Colorado. On Christmas day, 2018, the temperatures hovered in the single digits. A deep early season snowfall forced Montgomery to post hole, plunging knee- and waist-deep into the snow. While sitting down to take off his powder-filled boots, he passed out. Upon gaining consciousness, he discovered his feet were frozen — “like blocks of ice.” Exposed for several hours to the snow and cold before being found by another hiker, Montgomery was dangerously hypothermic and severely frostbitten. The Crested Butte News reported that both legs would probably have to be amputated.
Otter Olshansky was a Triple Triple Crown hiker—he’d walked the 2,200-mile-long Appalachian Trail, the 2,600-mile-long Pacific Crest Trail, and the 3,100-mile-long Continental Divide Trail several times each. In November 2015, while walking the CDT in northern New Mexico, The Otter became stranded by a snowstorm. Trying desperately to survive, he sought shelter in a campground restroom, constructed snowshoes and skis out of scraps, and burned down a wooden storage shed hoping the smoke would draw attention. Eventually, The Otter succumbed to dehydration, starvation, and hypothermia. Another CDT hiker found his body the following spring.
How quickly and unexpectedly a person can find themselves in serious trouble, even on familiar trails, no matter how experienced they are. If Montgomery or Otter had been able to send out an SOS with a satellite messenger or personal locator beacon, the outcome would have been different. Press the SOS button on your handheld device, and within a matter of minutes, search and rescue will respond to your emergency no matter where or what it is.
But what exactly are satellite messengers and personal locator beacons (PLBs)? How are they different, how do they work, how much do they cost and which one should you take on your adventures? We dove into all your questions about how these systems work to determine what device will best serve you in your outdoor pursuits.
How we researched
Here at Treeline Review, we’ve culled the SEND (Satellite Emergency Notification Device) field of more than 26 items down to the six best for your adventures. I relied on personal experience, talked to many other outdoors people, did some informal surveys among Facebook hiking groups, and read numerous reviews from other sites (including REI and Amazon, Adventure Alan, Andrew Skurka, Backpacking Light, DC Rainmaker, Hiking Guy, Outdoor Gear Lab, Outside Pursuits, Section Hiker, and Two Way Radio Talk).
We do not consider a satellite phone or cell phone to be an emergency beacon. Even the lightest model satellite phone, the Iridium Extreme 9575, weighs a half-pound, costs over a thousand dollars (you can rent one for $50 a week), and requires a pricey $50 a month subscription plan that gives a user 10 minutes of talk or text time. One outgoing text burns one minute of airtime.
Cell phones work as long as you have land-based cell towers within range. What happens if an emergency doesn’t coincide with coverage? Some new advances in phone connectivity to satellite and land-based networks (Somewear Global Hotspot and goTenna Mesh) may change this soon. But for now, we aren’t seriously recommending the cell phone-based systems that are just coming to market.
Morgan "Storm" Dzak wears a Garmin Explorer on her pack during a difficult passage above the Gila River while hiking the Continental Divide Trail in New. Exposed to the sky on the back of her pack the Garmin helped Storm keep track of miles. Photo by Dean Krakel.
What kind of emergency unit do you need? Personal locator beacon vs. satellite messenger
Handheld GPS Unit
There’s a difference between a handheld GPS unit and a PLB or Satellite Messenger. One serves as a map and compass or as way to record a track or waypoints. The other can send messages to the outside world that you need help.
If you just want a track or wapoints, read about the Garmin eTrex Solar Handheld GPS Unit Review. It’s not designed to be an SOS emergency replacement, but offers nearly endless battery life on a GPS unit.
Personal Locator Beacon
Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) like the Ocean Signal rescueME PLB1 or our former pick, the now-discontinued ACR ResQLink+ have one function: to send a distress signal. These small, lightweight, inexpensive, and nearly indestructible units offer no texting or two-way communication; they won’t function as a GPS, won’t track you with waypoints, give you a weather report, or link to social media. As far as keeping the people back home informed of your whereabouts and state of health, using a PLB is a “no news is good news” thing.
Hiker and former Forest Service employee Randy “Arrow” Godfrey wears his ResQLink PLB. Photo courtesy Randy Godfrey.
All the satellite messengers we considered come with a monthly subscription cost. However, there are no monthly subscription charges for using a personal locator beacon. Not having a subscription fee is one of the main advantages of a beacon. It’s one less thing to worry about if your credit card is stolen or your debit card draws from an empty bank account mid-adventure.
PLBs must be be registered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) beacon database. The registration is free.
When you send out a distress signal from a Personal Locator Beacon, NOAA receives your ping, along with the coordinates of your GPS location. NOAA then forwards your information to the United States Air Force Rescue Coordination Center. The US Air Force takes over organizing your rescue, responding, or contacting the nearest search and rescue organization, just like GEOS does for satellite messengers.
Having the Air Force in your back pocket may be a really handy thing if you’re poking around in foreign lands. It might be a lot better to have the Air Force responding to a personal crisis in Sudan than relying on local search and rescue if a country actually has such a thing. Some countries don’t.
Satellite messengers offer global emergency response just like PLBs. But before you travel, you should check each company’s coverage to be sure.
Another advantage of PLBs is that batteries last for years (if not used for an emergency). This means you never have to remember to charge your device. But once the batteries are low (you don’t want to go into the woods with low battery on any unit), they have to be sent back to the factory for a checkup and battery replacement.
One reason you may prefer a satellite messenger over a PLB is that once a beacon sends a distress signal, it cannot be canceled. Once initiated, your PLB will bring you a rescue team, whether you meant to press that button or not. You also can’t communicate via PLB with rescuers to let them know the nature of your emergency.
Still, a beacon has some perks when compared to more sophisticated satellite messengers. If you’re interested in a lightweight, inexpensive, emergency-only handheld device that provides a strong signal anywhere in the world (like all emergency devices it has to have an unobstructed view of the sky), that has little upkeep, and no monthly fee, then a PLB may be what you’re looking for.
Morgan "Storm" Dzak checks messages on her Garmin Explorer satellite messenger during a break on the Continental Divide Trail near Leadville, Colorado. Photo by Dean Krakel.
Satellite Messengers
Satellite messengers, like the ever popular Spot X and Garmin inReach Mini 2, differ from PLBs in that most models allow two-way non-emergency communication by text or email with nearly anyone you put into your contact information.
A satellite messenger gives you the ability to cancel a distress signal and communicate with rescuers about the severity of your emergency situation. Think PLB with messaging.
Satellite messengers also give you the ability to turn a tracking application on and drop waypoints along your route. You can set the waypoints at intervals that span anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. You can use these waypoints to help you navigate in the field or to retrace your route on a map later at home. You can share your tracking with anyone you send a link too, which can be done from your device in the field, allowing them to follow your route in almost real-time on their computers at home.
Guide Duncan Cheung shows his set-up for where he stores the Mini: in his snack food bag for the day (it’s the bright orange square in the clear bag on the right). Photo by Duncan Cheung.
To be honest, I’ve never had much luck with using my satellite messenger as a GPS. Newer models (mine is an older unit) are more GPS friendly. I have, however, used the tracking feature. I know my family appreciates me sharing the tracking link with them.
You don’t have to utilize the tracking feature to be rescued. You do, however, have to have the ability to hit that SOS button in an emergency. When you send out an SOS signal from your satellite messenger, it relays your coordinates to the search and rescue coordination center (in this case, GEOS) with near pinpoint accuracy.
Case in point: This winter, there was a fatal avalanche near where I live in Crested Butte, Colorado. Two very experienced backcountry skiers were training for the Grand Traverse ski race between Crested Butte and Aspen, a gnarly route that crosses the West Elk Mountains. They were carrying a satellite messenger as well as avalanche transceivers. With the tracking feature on, their families were able to follow their progress on a training exercise. All was well until their tracking waypoints stopped moving at Death Pass and never moved again. Something had gone terribly wrong. Search and rescue was contacted. From the coordinates given out at their last GPS fix, SAR knew that the pair were together at the bottom of the slide. Those coordinates got searchers close enough to pick up the signal from their avalanche beacon to locate them.
The inReach can be used to let your ride know when to pick you up at the trailhead, as Treeline Founder Naomi Hudetz does here on the Skyline Trail in Jasper National Park. Photo by Liz Thomas
Unlike PLBs, satellite messenger batteries are rechargeable. This could be a drawback if you’re bad at remembering to charge your phone or if you already have many backcountry devices that need to be charged, like a camera, watch, and phone.
Satellite messengers work all over the world, though coverage varies depending on the satellite network. Like PLBs, messengers also need a clear view of the sky to get a GPS fix.
Unlike PLBs, messengers require a monthly subscription fee for use. Service plans for texting, sending pre-set messages, tracking, and receiving data (like weather reports) start at $14 a month depending on which unit you choose and how many features you anticipate using and how often. See our comparison chart for a summary of the service plans of our top picks.
A perk of the two-way messenging? We describe in our How to Pace and Crew an Ultramarathon that races often take trail runners far from their crew to places without cell reception. A two-way messenger can allow your team mates to follow your progress in real time and give updates on health conditions of the racer.
EPIRB vs PLB
An Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) is similar to a PLB in that it sends a distress signal upon activation. However, EPIRBs are registered to a specific vessel, while PLBs are registered to a specific person. Our review only covers PLBs.
How do satellite messengers and PLBs work?
Satellite Network
All satellite messengers and PLBs utilize a satellite network to relay distress signals to search and rescue response centers. PLBs use the International Cospas-Sarsat satellite network. They do not need cell service to work. Spot uses its own GlobalStar satellites, which are "near-global" (missing the polar regions and some mid-ocean regions). Garmin relies on Iridium satellites, which are truly global.
Emergency Response Team Coordination
No matter what kind of messenger device you use or which satellite system your PLB uses, the message is received by a response team that coordinates the rescue. SOS alerts sent from satellite messengers are received by the GEOS International Emergency Response Coordination Center in Houston, Texas. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration receives all PLB alerts, and they relay the messages to the U.S. Air Force Rescue Coordination Center at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida.
Wherever you may be, if you need a rescue, teams of responders can bring up your location and dispatch search and rescue. Photo by Dean Krakel.
Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, teams monitor incoming distress signals spanning the globe. These teams of emergency responders bring up your coordinates on mapping software. They call your emergency contacts for information about what you’re doing, your experience, age, medical history, itinerary, if you’re solo or in a group, and your food and gear situation. They will also contact you if your device has two-way texting or emailing capability.
Within minutes of receiving your alert, the search and rescue organization nearest you is contacted and given the known information about your emergency situation.
In most cases, an emergency responder, by whatever means necessary—be it a helicopter, airplane, horse, foot, four-wheel-drive, ORV, raft, kayak, boat, snowmobiles, snowcat, skis, snowshoes, police, sheriff’s deputies, military personal, national guard units, SAR volunteers and specially trained canines—is dispatched within an hour of getting the call.
Inclement weather—especially unexpected snow—is one of the most cited reasons why people activate emergency devices. Photo by Liz Thomas
A search and rescue effort can involve several organizations, dozens of people, hundreds of cumulative labor-hours, and a wide array of expensive technology. Just launching a search and rescue helicopter can cost over a thousand dollars an hour. Although each county and state has different search and rescue protocols, in New Mexico, for instance, the State Police organize a search. In Maine, the Warden Service is in charge. In both states, none of the expense is passed on to you.
Search and Rescue Expenses
“Search and rescue is all done by volunteers,” said Chris Boyer, executive director of the National Association for Search and Rescue. “There is no billing component. It’s free throughout the United States.”
The reason for this is because response teams don’t want people to avoid hitting the SOS button for fear of cost. “Delay,” said Boyer, “could cause someone serious harm.”
Although search and rescue is also free in Canada, in other countries, the cost could be passed on to you. Best to ask questions before you embark on a global trip. Likewise, if your rescue involves any kind of medical component—a flight for life, ambulance, or hospital—you’ll be footing the bill for those charges.
Nor will pushing the SOS be cost-free if you’ve intentionally or recklessly (lots of latitude in those definitions) endangered yourself and the rescue team, skied out of bounds at a resort, broken the law, or are a habitual SOS button pusher. In that case, charges are filed at the discretion of the rescuing organizations.
Wildfires are becoming increasingly common in the American West. An emergency device may help you in situations where you may be trapped by fire. Photo by Dean Krakel.
Can I purchase rescue insurance?
An emergency device user can purchase insurance to cover medical evacuations. GEOBlue offers GEOBlue Travel Safety insurance (starting at $18 per year) to cover those kinds of charges, as does Global Rescue and a few other companies. Some personal and travel insurance policies cover backcountry medical emergency costs. Most do not. GEOS also offers global medical evacuation insurance, starting at $110 for 30 days or $175 for a year of coverage. Again, best to do a little research and read the fine print. An excellent place to start looking into the why and what of backcountry insurance coverage is Expedition Portal.
It’s important to note the incredible expense of air ambulance trips, even with insurance. This NPR story documents a backcountry rescue that cost more than $50,000.
Is it possible to Send an SOS on my plb Accidentally?
False alarms triggered by satellite messengers and PLBs occasionally happen. As I wrote above, it happened to me. My rescue was initiated by a faulty screen lock and SOS switch on the inReach unit—design flaws that were corrected in newer models.
“Ten years ago, when (satellite messengers) came out, that first generation, we saw the vast majority of false alarms,” said Boyer. “There are two extremes on why we have false alarms. a) mechanical malfunction and B) stupidity.”
Boyer told the story of a skier in Colorado that received a PLB as a Christmas present and assumed it was an avalanche transceiver, turning it on every time he went into the backcountry. At the other extreme, a group of Boy Scouts hiking in the Grand Canyon called in a search and rescue team three separate times because they’d run out of water. People have hit the SOS button simply because they’re cold, sore, or low on food.
Author’s Expertise/why you should trust us
Working as a photojournalist specializing in the outdoors has taken me to numerous remote and sketchy locations. And yet, up until just a few years ago, I never carried any kind of personal emergency device on any of my backcountry trips. I liked being on my own in the wild, dependent upon and responsible for no one but myself. Out of touch, out of reach, off the grid.
When I began documenting the 3,100 mile long Continental Divide Trail in 2016, I caved in to my family and friends and bought an inReach satellite messenger. Along with the emergency SOS button, the inReach device has two-way texting capability, a GPS, and a tracking feature that allowed people to follow my explorations on their computer screens. I could also get a weather forecast.
For the five months we spent walking north from the Mexican border on the Continental Divide Trail in 2018, my hiking partner Morgan Dzak and I relied on our Garmins. She carried an inReach Explorer+ (now discontinued).
When we misplaced each other, our inReaches reunited us. After an intense lightning storm in Colorado’s San Juan Mountains, we used our inReach units to rendezvous with a friend who trucked us to lower ground. Morgan used her Garmin to stay in touch with family and friends. When the need arose, and cell coverage was non-existent, we used the Garmin to summon a much-needed mountain taxi.
While hiking solo on the CDT in Wyoming’s Wind River Range, I was “rescued” by a SAR team when I inadvertently pushed the SOS button on my inReach unit while sleeping with it under my head to keep the batteries warm. I knew nothing about being rescued until a helicopter was hovering above my camp. You can read that story initially published in the Colorado Sun, which won a Society of Professional Journalists Top of the Rockies award.
No emergency satellite messenger or beacon is fail-safe. There are simple tests that you can do to ensure that yours is working. See your owner’s manual or call the manufacturer’s customer service number to find out how. Ultimately your safety in the backcountry is your responsibility.
My accidental SOS sparked a great curiosity about satellite messengers. I wanted to find out more about them and what other emergency units are available. Since then, I’ve become somewhat evangelical about being able to self-rescue or rescue others, and I wanted to know which devices I’d recommend to my friends and acquaintances.
You can see all of Dean’s Treeline Review stories on his author page.
